Multi-criteria PSO-based optimal design of grid-connected hybrid renewable energy systems

ABSTRACT

Human-induced climate change through the over liberation of greenhouse gases, resulting in devastating consequences to the environment, is a concern of considerable global significance which has fuelled the diversification to alternative renewable energy sources. The unpredictable nature of renewable resources is an impediment to developing renewable projects. More reliable, effective, and economically feasible renewable energy systems can be established by consolidating various renewable energy sources such as wind and solar into a hybrid system using batteries or back-up units like conventional energy generators or grids. The precise design of these systems is a critical step toward their effective deployment. An optimal sizing strategy was developed based on a heuristic particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique to determine the optimum number and configuration of PV panels, wind turbines, and battery units by minimizing the total system life-cycle cost while maximizing the reliability of the hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) in matching the electricity supply and demand. In addition, by constraining the amount of conventional electricity purchased from the grid, environmental concerns were also considered in the presented method. Various systems with different reliabilities and potential of reducing consumer’s CO₂ emissions were designed and the behavior of the proposed method was comprehensively investigated. An HRES may reduce the annualized cost of energy and carbon footprint significantly.     

硫自养反硝化处理高含氟光伏废水可行性

为了研究硫自养反硝化处理高含氟光伏废水的可行性,室温(20~25℃)下,采用驯化后的硫自养反硝化生物膜反应器,探究了不同进水F-浓度对硫自养反硝化脱氮效能的影响.结果表明,当进水F-浓度为0~700 mg·L~(-1)时,随着F-浓度的提升,反应器的脱氮效能逐渐提升,且当F-浓度为700 mg·L~(-1)时,可获最大TN去除速率1.0 kg·(m3·d)-1.当进水F-浓度在700~900 mg·L~(-1)时,经短期驯化,TN去除速率可稳定在0.81~0.87 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).当进水F-浓度提升至900 mg·L~(-1)以上时,反应器的TN去除速率随进水F-浓度的提升而下降,最低至0.4~0.5 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).以光伏废水为研究对象,在进水F-浓度为800 mg·L~(-1)左右,进水NO_3~--N浓度为390~420 mg·L~(-1),HRT为8.8 h的条件下,经50 d运行后,获得稳定的脱氮效能,TN去除速率为1.1 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),出水TN为15~25 mg·L~(-1),达到污水接管排放标准.采用传统反硝化工艺和硫自养反硝化工艺脱氮处理光伏废水的成本分别为2.468元·t~(-1)和2.072 8元·t~(-1),硫自养反硝化工艺更节约脱氮处理成本.     

模拟光伏间歇曝气SBR硝化特性

通过耦合农村生活污水间歇排放、SBR间歇运行和太阳能能量密度昼夜变化的特征,模拟光伏间歇曝气,考察以无蓄电池光伏间歇曝气替代常规曝气,降低污水处理设施对电网依赖的可行性,采用SBR处理经厌氧和好氧预处理的生活污水,系统研究了SBR硝化的启动特征及曝气量、HRT(水力停留时间)和温度对其运行效果的影响. 结果表明,在不同曝气量、HRT和温度下,均能实现NH₄+-N的有效去除. ρ(DO)是硝化作用的主要影响因素. 在低曝气量(曝气量为0.6 L/min、温度为20 ℃、HRT为13和16 h)及高水温(曝气量为0.8 L/min、温度为30 ℃、HRT为16 h)条件下,由于ρ(DO)(<3 mg/L)较低,NH₄+-N去除率下降,并且出现了一定程度的NO₂--N累积. 通过对ρ(DO)、pH和E_h(氧化还原电位)的监测表明,E_h变化不规律,而ρ(DO)和pH在一个运行周期内变化规律明显,与硝化进程具有较好的对应性,可将其作为实时控制参数,控制硝化曝气过程.      

基于理想点法的加筋板屈曲承载力优化

目的针对加筋板在使用工况中易发生屈曲和结构失稳,提出一种基于理想点法的屈曲承载力优化设计方法。方法以加筋板的屈曲承载力最大和结构质量最小为目标,以加筋板的屈曲、最大vonMises应力和筋条压损等为约束条件,并利用理想点法将多目标优化问题转化为单目标优化问题。基于ANSYS参数化建模技术,构建屈曲分析、优化设计一体化分析与设计模型,并采用单目标优化算法——DOWNHILL SIMPLEX算法实施了优化分析。结果优化后结构质量从0.195 kg增加到0.24 kg,增加了23%,结构承载力从129.4 k N提升到235.84 kN,提高了82%。结论通过优化能够获得结构性能折中的方案,可为加筋板结构设计应用提供参考。     

中国光伏发电的时空分布、竞争格局及减排效益

随着中国碳达峰、碳中和目标的提出,光伏发电逐渐成为推动低碳转型的重要途径。通过开展中国光伏发电的时空分布、竞争格局及减排效益研究,本文力求为中国“双碳”目标的落实、光伏产业的可持续发展提供量化支撑及政策建议,得出主要结论如下：（1）2012—2020年,光伏装机总量从624.8万kW增长到25317.0万kW,以集中式电站为主导;（2）山东、江苏、安徽、河南、山西等地区呈现高—高自相关特征,贵州等地区呈现高—低自相关特征;（3）电力消费量、碳排放量、科研投入为装机量增加的正向驱动因素,科技投入对相邻省份的装机量增加同样具有正向驱动效应;（4）中国现有光伏装机的年均减排效益约为2.0亿t,到2030年累计可以达到19.2亿t,对碳达峰、碳中和目标的落实具有重要推动作用。     

Solar tracking system – a review

The generation of power from the reduction of fossil fuels is the biggest challenge for the next half century. The idea of converting solar energy into electrical energy using photovoltaic panels holds its place in the front row compared to other renewable sources. But the continuous change in the relative angle of the sun with reference to the earth reduces the watts delivered by solar panel. In this context solar tracking system is the best alternative to increase the efficiency of the photovoltaic panel. Solar trackers move the payload towards the sun throughout the day. In this paper different types of tracking systems are reviewed and their pros and cons are discussed in detail. The results presented in this review confirm that the azimuth and altitude dual axis tracking system is more efficient compared to other tracking systems. However in cost and flexibility point of view single axis tracking system is more feasible than dual axis tracking system.     

Numerical estimation of photovoltaic–electrolyzer system performance on the basis of a weather database

We performed a numerical simulation to investigate the performance of a photovoltaic (PV)–electrolyzer on the basis of a simulated weather database during the summer solstice (SS), autumnal equinox (AE), and winter solstice (WS), and all year round. First, we selected a location in southern Taiwan (latitude: 22.65°N) to create a local weather simulation database that included daily solar radiation, wind speed, and ambient temperature. The I–V curves of a PV system and an electrolyzer were obtained numerically by using Simpson integration computation. Subsequently, the optimal configuration of a PV driving system comprising the electrolyzer and the PV panel was determined. The database of weather conditions was input into the numerical estimation model of the PV–electrolyzer system, and the hydrogen generation rates and hydrogen production volumes under both clear skies and changeable weather conditions were obtained.     

连城太阳能光伏产业发展现状与战略选择

太阳能光伏产业是21世纪备受世界各国重视的高新技术产业之一,拥有广阔发展前景,基于对太阳能光伏产业链、国内太阳能光伏产业现状的分析及连城太阳能光伏产业现状与面临挑战的分析,提出连城太阳能光伏产业发展战略。     

国内外光伏发电站环境影响评价方法简析

综述光伏发电技术现状,分析比较国内外光伏发电项目的环境影响和评价要求,简述我国的国家风光储输示范工程、敦煌10MAP太阳能光伏发电工程及保加利亚Betapark有限公司4MW光伏发电项目,对比远离城区的光伏电站、城市地区的光伏电站及光伏建筑一体化在施工期、运行期及服务期满后的评价因子,提出国内光伏发电环境影响评价的主要评价因子为生态、固废、噪声、电磁辐射等,为我国光伏电站设计、建设、运行管理及环境保护提供依据,完善国内光伏发电站环境影响评价。     

CDM potential of SPV lighting systems in India

In view of the increasing interest in the development and dissemination of technologies for harnessing new and renewable sources of energy in India, there have also been some efforts towards their use in the domestic lighting sector. However, the cumulative number of Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) lighting systems such as SPV lanterns and solar home lighting systems in India is far below their theoretical potential despite government subsidy programmes. One of the major barriers is the high capital investment in these systems. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) provides industrialized countries with an incentive to invest in emission reduction projects in developing countries to achieve a reduction in CO₂ emissions at lowest cost that also promotes sustainable development in the host country. SPV lanterns and solar home lighting systems could be of interest under the CDM because they directly displace greenhouse gas emissions while contributing to sustainable rural development. However, only two SPV projects have been submitted under the CDM so far. This study assesses the maximum theoretical as well as the realistically achievable CDM potential of SPV lanterns and solar home lighting systems in India. The SPV lantern project is financially viable at a certified emissions reductions (CER) price of 34 € whereas the solar home lighting project is financially viable at a CER price of 46 €. While the maximum mitigation volume is about 35 million tonne CO₂ on an annual basis, an estimate of achievable CER levels is done using the past diffusion trends of SPV systems. We find that annual CER volumes could reach 0.8 to 2.4 million by 2012 and 5.6 to 13.6 million by 2020. This would require that the government sets the subsidy level for SPV lighting systems at a level that allows them to become viable with the CER revenue. From a macro-economic point of view this makes sense if the sustainability benefits are deemed sufficiently high to warrant promotion of this type of project.